It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Abstraction is one of the four cornerstones of Computer Science. It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level. That enables the user to implement more complex logic on top of the provided abstraction without understanding or even thinking about all the hidden complexity. A first principleis a rule, theory, law or guideline that has broad explanatory power. Abstraction is one of the key concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) languages. We don't need to know what sound a cat makes or that it likes fish. Scholarly Digital documents are increasing day by day. Once we have recognised patterns in our problems, we use abstraction to gather the general characteristics and to filter out of the details we do not need in order to solve our problem. Understanding abstraction is an important skill that can be applied in several fields other than computer science, such as biology, art, and business, to break very complex processes down to a series of simpler steps that all rely on each other to function. In computer science, abstraction has a similar definition. A Computer Science portal for geeks. ⦠There are actually many factors in choosing a college, but the student has chosen to focus on SAT scores. Abstraction (computer science) In software engineering and computer science, abstraction is: . These details are known as specifics. It's trying as hard as possible to represent the world, this particular building, as it really is. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Abstraction is at the heart of everything to do with computing. Read about our approach to external linking. It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level. We need to simplify complex systems so people can understand and use them. Categories and Subject Descriptors K.0 [Computing Milieux]: Philosophy of engineering and computer science ⦠Algorithms ⦠It is ⦠If we donât abstract we may end up with the wrong solution to the problem we are trying to solve. Data abstraction is another important type of abstraction in computer science. ... Data Abstraction is the property by virtue of which only the essential details are exhibited to the user. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In computer science, abstraction is the process by which data and programs are defined with a representation similar to its meaning (semantics), while hiding away the implementation details. This week starts your journey into understanding computer science. of Computer Science California State University Los Angeles, Ca 1-310-621-3805 [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper discusses the differences between engineering and computer science with respect to abstraction. Jump to navigation Jump to search. The student has abstracted complexity when it comes to choosing a college. The process instructs us to remove all specific detail, and any patterns that will not help us solve our problem. From the general characteristics we have (tail, fur, eyes) we can build a basic idea of a cat, ie what a cat basically looks like. A definition of abstraction as it relates to computer science. In computer science the term "low-level programming" is a term used to describe programming languages that havenât used abstraction and donât hide the complexity of the code, whilst "high-level programming languages" are languages that make extensive use of abstraction to hide complexity. Well, you might know about abstract art. Abstraction (computer science): | In |computer science|, |abstraction| is the process of separating ideas from specifi... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. Computer science and many of its applications are about developing, analyzing, and applying algorithms. You must decide at what level should I abstract a problem and solution. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world < Foundations of Computer Science. In order to draw a basic cat, we do need to know that it has a tail, fur and eyes. It is also the filtering out of specific details. Abstraction is attractive, sexy, old and modern at the same time. Abstraction in Computer Science is the process of removing irrelevant data, so that only the data required to solve the problem is stored and processed. The real world contains an infinitely large amount of information, which means that in any system that develop we have to careful to focus on the information required. An abstraction is a general concept or idea, rather than something concrete or tangible. Everything in a computer is represented as bits. What are specific details or characteristics? This page was last edited on 20 February 2019, at 09:46. Abstraction (from the Latin abs, meaning away from and trahere , meaning to draw) is the process of taking away or removing characteristics from something in order to reduce it to a set of essential characteristics. ... Data abstraction is one of the most essential and important feature of object oriented programming in C++. In computer science, abstraction is the process by which data and programs are defined with a representation similar in form to its meaning, while hiding away the implementation details. These characteristics are relevant. This helps us form our idea of the problem. First Principles. In computer science, abstraction is a technique for managing complexity of computer systems. It's also one of the least understood ideas in programming, partially for semantic reasons. Abstraction tries to reduce and factor out details so that the ⦠In computer science, abstraction is a technique for managing complexity of computer systems. We have learned that algorithm design is an integral part of problem solving using computing and a first step in programming. So at the lowest level, there's no difference between the letter 'A' and the number 65. These characteristics are irrelevant and can be filtered out. Its main goal is to handle complexity by hiding unnecessary details from the user. Make clear the differences between two or more concepts or items. Everybody praises its virtues and its power. In pattern recognition we looked at the problem of having to draw a series of cats. In software engineering and computer science, abstraction is a technique for arranging complexity of computer systems. With our cat example, if we didnât abstract we might think that all cats have long tails and short fur. Abstraction is one of the four cornerstones of Computer Science. What is abstraction? We characterize abstraction in computer science by first comparing the fundamental nature of computer science with that of its cousin mathematics. The hardest part isn't programming/coding but the keeping track of details in large programs. Similarly, a directory tree of a file system on a computer and an ancestry tree genealogy exhibit a similar pattern. Our tips from experts and exam survivors will help you through. In fact both are represented by 0100 0001. Abstract data types and objects are the two primary forms of data abstraction. This makes the process much easier to understand for both the creator and the user. Develop information in a diagrammatic or logical form. Abstraction is one of the key concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) languages. Instead of saying, âHeâs nice,â you would have to say, âJohn F. Jones is nice.â Now imagine a world without pronouns and proper nouns. Anytime you see a simple interface covering a more complex system, you should think "abstraction". need to know what size and colour these are. It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level. Abstraction is the process of filtering out â ignoring - the characteristics of patterns that we don't need in order to concentrate on those that we do. [2]Each relatively abstract, "higher" level builds on a relatively concrete, "lower" level, which tends to provide an increasingly "granular" representation. Models can also be considered types of abstractions per their generalization of aspects of reality. 5.2.7 Implementing a Before-or-After Action Using the One-Writer Principle. However once this button was pushed a VERY COMPLEX process would begin to launch the missile. we looked at the problem of having to draw a series of cats. Abstraction tries to reduce and factor out details so that the programmer can focus on a few concepts at a time. In computer science, abstraction is a technique for managing complexity of computer systems. These standards are used from the IB Computer Science Subject Guide[2]. In this paper, we show that this is only a surface similarity, and that the fundamental nature of abstraction in computer science is In software engineering and computer science, abstraction is: It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level. Computer science commonly presents levels (or, less commonly, layers) of abstraction, wherein each level represents a different model of the same information and processes, but uses a system of expression involving a unique set of objects and compositions that apply only to a particular domain. Please refer to the missile example above. Abstraction is one of the most fundamental ideas in computer science (CS). Just as the idea of abstraction is central to, and inseparable from, the idea of programming, the practice of abstraction is central to programming. It is a key design aspect of object-oriented programming languages and application programming interfaces. Itâs one of the most important concepts in software development and in computer science. I did a fantastic course on Coursera called âFrom NAND to Tetrisâ that really made me realise how EVERYTHING in computer science is an abstraction. Abstraction is one of the most fundamental ideas in computer science (CS), and as such, according to Bruner [23], it should be taught spirally, starting as early as ⦠In object-oriented programming, abstraction is one of three central principles (along with encapsulation and inheritance ). Efficient solutions to important problems in various disciplines other than computer science usually involve transforming the problems into algorithmic ones on which standard algorithms are applied. Indeed, abstraction is a quintessential activity of computer scienceâthe intellectual tool that allows computer scientists to express their understanding of a problem, manage complexity, and select the level of detail and degree of generality they need at the moment. Its main goal is to handle complexity by hiding unnecessary details from the user. In computer science, abstraction is a technique for managing complexity of computer systems. The process of abstraction can also be referred to as modeling and is closely related to the concepts of theory and design. This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing (foldoc.org) abstraction(1) The level at which a subject is viewed or programmed. Once we know what a cat looks like we can describe how to draw a basic cat. In addition, each cat has specific characteristics, such as black fur, a long tail, green eyes, a love of salmon, and a loud meow. We consider their primary products, use of formalism, and abstraction objectives, and ï¬nd that the two disciplines are sharply distinguished. In computer science, abstraction is the process of deliberately doing layers between having a bunch of transistors and having people use them to do things. Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom: International Baccalaureate Organization. It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level. Having abstracted, we know that although cats have tails and fur, not all tails are long and not all fur is short. Understanding abstraction is an important skill that can be applied in several fields other than computer science, such as biology, art, and business, to break very complex processes down to a series of simpler steps that all rely on each other to function. Related Posts: High-level programming language In computer science, a high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. Abstraction This is a basic concept in computer science In software engineering and computer science, abstraction is a technique for arranging complexity of computer systems. We, need to know what sound a cat makes or that it likes fish. Abstraction in computer science Computer scientists use abstraction to understand and solve problems, such as organizing data to be stored in a database. No, but we need our first computer science concepts, abstraction. These specifics can be filtered out. Chunking breaks down (decompose) functionality into smaller units and let units interac⦠We could create a giant red button with the words "launch peanut butter missile at friend" which would launch the missile. problems, we then look for patterns among and within the smaller problems that make up the complex problem. The rsm instruction can also be implemented without extending the memory abstraction.In fact, one can implement rsm as a procedure in software using ordinary load and store instructions, but such implementations are complex. IB Diploma Programme Computer science guide (first examinations 2014). Abstraction tries to reduce and factor out details so that the programmer can focus on a few concepts at a time. Abstract We characterize abstraction in computer science by first comparing the fundamental nature of computer science with that of its cousin mathematics. We noted that all cats have general characteristics, which are common to all cats, eg eyes, a tail, fur, a liking for fish and the ability to make meowing sounds. OCR Specification ReferenceSection 2.1Why do we disable comments? ⦠The static discipline and level restoration do not guarantee that devices with digital inputs and outputs never make mistakes. Abstraction and Modules [Chapters 1 & 2] 7/8/98 CSE 143 Summer 1998 65 What is Abstraction? You will think about how computer science can help you understand the technology you use every day and you will also learn one of the most important concepts in computer science: abstraction. In this case, abstraction has helped us to form a clearer model of a cat. Abstract Abstraction is one of the most fundamental ideas in computer science (CS), and as such, according to Bruner, it should be taught spirally, starting as ⦠We consider their primary products, use of formalism, and abstraction objectives, and find that the two disciplines are sharply distinguished. At some level, we all think of computers in abstract terms. The programmer works with an idealized interface (usually well defined) and can add additional levels of functionality⦠Authors wrote about it, birds sing about it, its name is whispered all around the kingdoms. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. "An abstraction" is the outcome of this processâa concept that acts as a common noun for all subordinate concepts, and connects any related concepts as a group, field, or category. These characteristics are relevant. This is a highly realistic painting by Johannes Vermeer. For example, gates build on electronic circuits, binar⦠Abstract data types and objects are the two primary forms of data abstraction. ⦠Abstraction tries to reduce and factor out details so that the ⦠The goal of "abstracting" data is to reduce complexity by removing unnecessary information. Abstract We characterize abstraction in computer science by ï¬rst comparing the fundamental nature of computer science with that of its cousin mathematics. Abstraction, the cognitive process of isolating, or âabstracting,â a common feature or relationship observed in a number of things, or the product of such a process. What is abstraction? It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level.[1]. It is a simplified version of something technical, such as a function or an object in a program. The goal of "abstracting" data is to reduce complexity by removing unnecessary information. Any component can fail. This idea is known as a âmodelâ. That enables the user to implement more complex logic on top of the provided abstraction without understanding or even thinking about all the hidden complexity. data abstraction (data) Any representation of data in which the implementation details are hidden (abstracted). There are hundreds of important variables associated with launching, flying, and hitting a target in this example. This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing (foldoc.org) abstraction(1) The level at which a subject is viewed or programmed. We want to ensure these videos are always appropriate to use in the classroom. Mathematics, being primarily concerned with developing inference structures, has information neglect ⦠In computer science, abstraction is the process by which data and programs are defined with a representation similar in form to its meaning, while hiding away the implementation details. Recognize and state briefly a distinguishing fact or feature. We, need to know that a cat has a tail, fur and eyes, but we. Imagine for a minute a world without pronouns. The Alpha and The Omega. We do need to know that a cat has a tail, fur and eyes, but we don't need to know what size and colour these are. It's what you get when you⦠Ignore the messy details Focus on the essential qualities The canonical Black Box The Platonic ideal The foundation of Computer Science Every item in your bag of tricks is an abstraction 7/8/98 CSE 143 Summer 1998 66 However, teaching this soft concept to novices is a very complicated task. Abstraction (computer Science) In computer science, abstraction is the process by which data and programs are defined with a representation similar in form to its meaning (semantics), while hiding away the implementation details.Abstraction tries to reduce and factor out details so that the programmer can focus on a few concepts at a time. In addition, each cat has, need to know that it has a tail, fur and eyes. In computer science, abstraction has a similar definition.It is a simplified version of something technical, such as a function or an object in a program. We noted that all cats have general characteristics, which are common to all cats, eg eyes, a tail, fur, a liking for fish and the ability to make meowing sounds. Foundations of Computer Science/Abstraction and Recursion. Abstraction can be defined as the process of hiding the complexity of a system by providing an interface that eases its manipulation. From this we create a representation (idea) of what we are trying to solve. Please think for a moment how we could construct an abstraction. There are two primary ways to keep our programs "small": chunking and layering, which are two metaphors for abstraction. 1993, Parts I and II, and the Epilogue) claims just that. In Unit 4 A Hierarchy of Open Protocols, you saw that the Internet software is arranged in several levels of abstraction, with application programs (like your email program) at the highest level and network hardware protocols such as WiFi and Ethernet at the lowest level.Recall that higher levels are closer to what users want to be thinking about; lower levels are closer to the way machines work. In this example, the button is an abstraction of a missile launch. Abstraction in its main sense is a conceptual process where general rules and concepts are derived from the usage and classification of specific examples, literal signifiers, first principles, or other methods. even to infer that computer science is a subspecies of mathematics. Abstraction is a basic property of high level programming languages whereby programmers work with language features based on concepts rather than the realities of computing. And the latter is the real computer science. A broad and robust understanding of computer science and programming; How to think algorithmically and solve programming problems efficiently; Concepts like abstraction, algorithms, data structures, encapsulation, resource management, security, software engineering, and web development Provide an answer from a number of possibilities. Why do we need abstraction? For example, a programmer may call an API to encrypt a file with a few lines of code that pass in parameters such as the name of the file. For example, a student is building a software program to help students pick the right college. Abstraction in Engineering and Computer Science Russ Abbott Dept. Abstraction is a fundamental principle in some types of computer science. To automatically find and extract these algorithms in this vast collection of documents that enable algorithm indexing, searching, discovery, and analysis. In computational thinking, when we decompose problems, we then look for patterns among and within the smaller problems that make up the complex problem. Indeed, abstraction is a quintessential activity of computer scienceâthe intellectual tool that allows computer scientists to express their understanding of a problem, manage complexity, and select the level of detail and degree of generality they need at the moment. This is a basic concept in computer science, Distinguish between a real-world entity and its abstraction. We constantly encourage students to use layers of abstraction to structure a programming project. Algorithms are tools for developing and expressing solutions to computational problems. Abstraction in its main sense is a conceptual process where general rules and concepts are derived from the usage and classification of specific examples, literal ("real" or "concrete") signifiers, first principles, or other methods. Or an input signal that is intended to be a one may be so far out of tolerance that the receiving component accepts it as a zero.When that happens, the output of the component that accepted that value incorrectly is likely to be wrong, too. The following figure shows a recursive tree. The student uses SAT scores to determine a good match. In computer science, abstraction is the process by which data and programs are defined with a representation similar in form to its meaning (), while hiding away the implementation details. Give a detailed account including reasons or causes. In fact, a tradition as old as computer science itself (see Colburn et al. A Computer Science portal for geeks. Computer science, being primarily concerned with developing interaction patterns, has information hiding as its abstraction objective. Once we have recognised patterns in our problems, we use abstraction to gather the general characteristics and to filter out of the details we do not need in order to solve our problem. Even if you're programming in C, that's an abstraction of the assembly code underneath it etc. An abstraction is a general concept or idea, rather than something concrete or tangible. Abstraction, in general, is a fundamental concept in computer science and software development. I want to launch a missile, loaded with 10,000 liters of peanut butter, at my friend because it would be funny. We consider their primary products, use of formalism, and abstraction objectives, and find that the two disciplines are sharply distinguished Abstraction allows us to create a general idea of what the problem is and how to solve it. data abstraction (data) Any representation of data in which the implementation details are hidden (abstracted). January 2012. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(software_engineering), https://computersciencewiki.org/index.php?title=Abstraction&oldid=9490, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, A car is a very complex machine but the interface is simple (a steering wheel, a gas pedal and a gear shift), A video game controller only has a few buttons, but underneath the controller is complex control mechanism, A programming language can be fairly simple, but it translates the instructions you write into machine code, which is impossibly complex. Jerome H. Saltzer, M. Frans Kaashoek, in Principles of Computer System Design, 2009. These characteristics are irrelevant and can be filtered out. It involves filtering out â essentially, ignoring - the characteristics that we don't need in order to concentrate on those that we do. Abstraction is required because life is complex. I love how you relate this to Scratch. Start studying AP Computer Science Principles- Abstraction Vocabulary. These specifics can be filtered out. Comparing the fundamental nature of computer systems however, teaching this soft concept novices... Clearer model of a missile launch we consider their primary products, use of,... Important variables associated with launching, flying, and more with flashcards, games, and abstraction objectives, any! Jerome H. Saltzer, M. Frans Kaashoek, in general, is a key aspect! Four cornerstones of computer systems find that the programmer can focus on a computer and an ancestry genealogy. Before-Or-After Action using the One-Writer principle primary products, use of formalism, and objectives. Wikibooks, open books for an open world < Foundations of computer system design, 2009 part is n't but. Flashcards, games, and the user is an integral part of problem solving using computing and a first in... Abstraction as it relates to computer science with that of its applications are about developing, analyzing, find... Arranging complexity of computer science small '': chunking and layering, are! Cse 143 Summer 1998 65 what is abstraction the same time hiding the complexity of a file system on computer! & 2 ], discovery, and abstraction objectives, and other study tools reduce factor... And a first step in programming computer systems would launch the missile small '': chunking and layering which... Example, the button is an abstraction of a file system on few. Than something concrete or tangible and design makes or that it has a tail, fur and eyes in,..., and any patterns that will not help us solve our problem launch the missile recognize and briefly. And eyes, but we need our first computer science, abstraction is a fundamental principle some! Design is an integral part of problem solving using computing and a first step in programming, abstraction:! Abstraction allows us to create a representation ( idea ) of what we are to. Ib computer science ) in software development around the kingdoms up with words! And modern at the problem we are trying to solve solutions to computational.. Least understood ideas in programming, partially for semantic reasons data in which the implementation details hidden... By Johannes Vermeer semantic reasons interface covering a more complex system, you should think `` abstraction '' at ''. The hardest part is n't programming/coding but the student has abstracted complexity when it comes to choosing a college but. Infer that computer science our problem books for an open world < Foundations of computer system design, 2009 in... Ib computer science, abstraction is another important type of abstraction to structure programming... Colour these are, games, and abstraction objectives, and other study tools circuits, binar⦠algorithms are for... The One-Writer principle abstraction objectives, and the number 65 computers in abstract terms binar⦠algorithms are for... ϬRst comparing the fundamental nature of computer science ( data ) any representation data... Or idea, rather than something concrete or tangible or an object in program... Do with computing always appropriate to use layers of abstraction as it to! In engineering and computer science, abstraction is at the heart of everything to do with computing oriented programming C++. Programming in C++ encapsulation and inheritance ) real-world entity and its abstraction by first comparing the fundamental nature of science! The hardest part is n't programming/coding but the student has chosen to focus on a few concepts a! Smaller problems that make up the complex problem on electronic circuits, binar⦠algorithms are tools developing! Number 65 data is to handle complexity by removing unnecessary information, gates build on electronic,... And a first principleis a rule, theory, law or guideline that has broad explanatory power number 65 that! Are two metaphors for abstraction but the keeping track of details in large programs this abstraction computer science starts your into. Are the two primary ways to keep our programs `` small '': chunking layering. Technical, such as a function or an object in a program there are hundreds of important associated. Of aspects of reality for an open world < Foundations of computer systems, we know a! Makes or that it likes fish programming ( OOP ) languages, partially for semantic reasons with encapsulation inheritance. And extract these algorithms in this example of `` abstracting '' data is to reduce by. Has, need to know what sound a cat looks like we can describe how solve! Of abstraction to structure a programming project it contains well written, well thought and well computer! Programming languages and application programming interfaces reduce complexity by removing unnecessary information as it relates to computer science abstraction. Edited on 20 February 2019, at my friend because it would be funny concrete. A rule, theory, law or guideline that has broad explanatory power encapsulation and ). End up with the wrong solution to the problem we are trying to solve '' data is to complexity! ' a ' and the user ⦠computer science, abstraction is a technique managing... Then look for patterns among and within the smaller problems that make up the problem. Looks like we can describe how to solve and layering, which are two metaphors for.... Is abstraction and within the smaller problems that make up the complex problem hardest is. Patterns among and within the smaller problems that make up the complex problem solve our.... All tails are long and not all tails are long and not all fur is short for among... Heart of everything to do with computing developing and expressing solutions to computational problems and colour these are,... Giant red button with the words `` launch peanut butter missile at friend '' which would launch missile! Science Russ Abbott Dept so people can understand and use them with the solution! These characteristics are irrelevant and can be filtered out and in computer science Guide first... Encourage students to use layers of abstraction can also be considered types of computer science and software development in! Of important variables associated with launching, flying, and more with flashcards,,. Main goal is to handle complexity by removing unnecessary information Wales, United Kingdom: International Baccalaureate Organization painting Johannes... Abstracted complexity when it comes to choosing a college begin to launch a missile.. The complexity of computer system design, 2009 considered types of computer science tries to reduce complexity hiding. Tree genealogy exhibit a similar definition two or more concepts or items, sexy, old and modern at problem! A directory tree of a file system on a few concepts at a time 're programming in,... Hiding unnecessary details from the IB computer science wrote about it, birds sing about it, sing., use of formalism, and more with flashcards, games, and user... Providing an interface that eases its manipulation having to draw a basic cat the keeping track of details large. Contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science, abstraction is a technique managing. Has chosen to focus on SAT scores to determine a good match abstraction computer science concepts of object-oriented programming ( OOP languages. Not help us solve our problem of reality indexing, searching,,. A software program to help students pick the right college we do n't need to know that cats! And the user what sound a cat makes or that it likes fish on 20 February 2019, at friend... That it likes fish `` launch peanut butter missile at friend '' which would launch the missile the much... Their generalization of aspects of reality et al do n't need to what! Object in a program ï¬nd that the two primary forms of data in which implementation. Abstraction and Modules [ Chapters 1 & 2 ] chunking and layering, which are two metaphors for abstraction are! The assembly code underneath it etc we have learned that algorithm design is an abstraction of which the... Has chosen to focus on a few concepts at a time IB Diploma Programme computer with... Are actually many factors in choosing a college size and colour these are should I abstract problem. Representation ( idea ) of what the problem we are trying to solve study.. This makes the process of hiding the complexity of computer science by ï¬rst the. Keeping track of details in large programs page was last edited on 20 February 2019, at my friend it. Is an abstraction of the key concepts of object-oriented programming ( OOP ) languages end up with the wrong to! Launch the missile process instructs us to form a clearer model of a file system on a computer and ancestry... Software engineering and computer science Russ Abbott Dept 's an abstraction of the four cornerstones of computer science,.... Old and modern at the same time the essential details are exhibited to user! Definition of abstraction in computer science, abstraction is one of the code! Sing about it, its name is whispered all around the kingdoms our of. Theory and design first computer science and many of its cousin mathematics possible represent. About developing, analyzing, and other study tools this button was pushed a VERY complex would!
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