advantages of oop in javascript

Instead of specifying a procedure to solve a problem, functional programs compose functions to produce the desired result without using ‘state’. Some programs might be better off using a combination of both. Type of language : It is an object-oriented programming language. Notice also the this keyword being used here as well โ it is basically saying that whenever one of these object instances is created, the object's name property will be equal to the name value passed to the constructor call, and the greeting() method will use the name value passed to the constructor call too. In this section, we will go through some of these burdens and how they can affect programs. Cool! When to use Object Oriented Programming? With your finished exercise from the previous sections loaded in the browser, try this in your JavaScript console. One of these languages is TypeScript. JavaScript JavaScript Reference ... Object-oriented programming has several advantages over procedural programming: OOP is faster and easier to execute; OOP provides a clear structure for the programs; OOP helps to keep the C# code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the code easier to maintain, modify and debug ; OOP â¦ According to Wikipedia, class-based programming is a style of Object-oriented programming (OOP) in which inheritance occurs via 窶ｦ Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming). This tutorial assumes that you already understand JavaScript in general, and that â¦ As mentioned, nearly all websites employ HTML, CSS, and So the data redundancy is one of the greatest advantages of OOP. A programmer can â¦ PP seems so intuitive and straight forward. To understand the basic theory behind object-oriented programming, how this relates to JavaScript ("everything is an object"), and how to create constructors and object instances. The OOP paradigm facilitates building a well-organized scalable code, and this advantage becomes more obvious as your project grows in size and complexity. We described main benefits of this amazing coding language. (e.g. In other languages, polymorphism is just as important but needs to be implemented explicitly. We say simplistic, because OOP can quickly get very complicated, and giving it a full treatment now would probably confuse more than help. you expect the same output given the same input. Many OOP programming languages have a way to protect variables from outside access, forcing programmers to only interact with the class through specific methods. and what was before OOP?. In this tutorial, I'll explain OOP and show you how to use it. The good thing is, you don’t have to. Just in case you were wondering. OOP places classes in a hierarchy of parents and their children. Object data (and often, functions too) can be stored neatly (the official word is encapsulated) inside an object package (which can be given a specific name to refer to, which is sometimes called a namespace), making it easy to structure and access; objects are also commonly used as data stores that can be easily sent across the network. The example we looked at above was only a simple example to get us started. Inheritance creates several dependencies between parent and child classes. OOP in JavaScript The two important principles with OOP in JavaScript are Object Creation patterns (Encapsulation) and Code Reuse patterns (Inheritance). Java is Simple . In many cases, the advantages of OOP come with side effects and additional burdens. A race condition exists when two different functionalities depend on a common resource. Client-side JavaScript is very fast because it can be run immediately within the client â¦ As a downside, you have the overhead of writing and using classes as well as maybe some issues with the this keyword in 窶ｦ and why we need it ? It becomes difficult to understand what is happening in the child class without having to open the parent class. Going back to our previous example, let’s say we have a vehicle class with a method move. When I first started programming Javascript after primarily dealing with OOP in context of class-based languages, I was left confused as to why prototype-based OOP would ever be preferred to class-based OOP. This cuts down the work of the developers because they can now create a general class with certain behaviors and make small altercations to subclasses when they need something more specific. Note that in each sentence, we use the previously defined object to help conceptualize the new, more specific object. It is compiled to readable JavaScript code; its main goals are to perform type checking at compile time and to support the object-oriented â¦ Without OOP, implementing this kind of polymorphism can get very ugly. In addition, there are a couple of problems with our bio() method โ the output always includes the pronoun "He", even if your person is female, or some other preferred gender classification. Constructors can help you give your code orderโyou can create constructors in one place, then create instances as needed, and it is clear where they came from. In OOP, polymorphism refers to the ability of a variable, function or object to take on multiple forms and have multiple behaviors. While OOP reigns king as the most popular program design, developers have certainly encountered issues with it. Let's consider a simple program that displays information about the students and teachers at a school. Instead of starting every program from scratch, you can inherit a class that contains any methods or properties that you need (or a hybrid) and then add new features on top of it (Prius, Insight). To start with, try adding a couple more object creation lines of your own, and try getting and setting the members of the resulting object instances. Surprisingly, functional programming also has many of the same perks as OOP. Last modified: Dec 17, 2020, by MDN contributors. Java comes up with a bundle of advantages that lets you stick with it. Polymorphism takes advantage of inheritance in order to make this happen. I feel like i窶冦 missing something, so i would like to ask when you would use OOP in Javascript and when would you use functional programming. Java is a statically typed object-oriented â¦ In OOP everything is considered to be modeled as an object. Any â¦ In Detail. It is the practice of designing objects to share behaviors and to be able to override shared behaviors with specific ones. Figure: Data Representation in Procedure-Oriented Programming Figure: Data Representation in 窶ｦ With it, you can create a new object, using an existing object as the prototype of the newly created object. A feature of objects is an object's procedures that can access and â¦ In dynamic languages we use for the web, this behavior is kind of built-in. It is bundled with an extensive library designed to provide a full abstraction of the underlying platform. This is the advantage of using encapsulation in OOP; all the objects are self-constrained. What Is Object-Oriented Programming? If you want to switch from producing Priuses to the Honda Insight, you don’t have to research how to make a vehicle, car, or hybrid. In this case we don't want generic people โ we want teachers and students, which are both more specific types of people. ! Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. In object-oriented programming, a class is a blueprint for creating objects (a particular data structure), providing initial values for state (member variables or attributes), and implementations of behavior (member functions or methods). This allows us to hide our implementation behind an interface (protecting objects from programmer mistakes) and interact with other parts of the program through these well-behaved interfaces. In JavaScript, there are no classes in the class-based OOP sense of the word. These â¦ Javascript Tutorial: JavaScript(JS for short) is a widely used client-side scripting language, i.e., it gets executed within the client's(user) browser. Utilize the advantages of using constructors, methods, and properties to become an expert. Then the advantages of object oriented programming. Each class is a template for a type of object or an instance of the class. Yes, it still is, but the truth is you don’t need to use OOP to implement polymorphism. The constructor function is JavaScript's version of a class. With the basics out of the way, we'll now focus on object-oriented JavaScript (OOJS) โ this article presents a basic view of object-oriented programming (OOP) theory, then explores how JavaScript emulates object classes via constructor functions, and how to create object instances. OOP â Object Oriented Programming. Here we'll look at OOP theory in general, not in the context of any specific programming language. Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc in programming. With the basics out of the way, we'll now focus on object-oriented JavaScript (OOJS) â this article presents a basic view of object-oriented programming (OOP) theory, then explores how JavaScript emulates object classes via constructor functions, and how to create object instances. This advantage of array helps to save the memory of the system. 1) OOPs makes development and maintenance easier, whereas, in a procedure-oriented programming language, it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size increases. JavaScript is a weakly typed language, so its variable can be declared where they are used. Ways and Advantages of Migrating JavaScript Code to TypeScript . You can also define the same feature separately in different classes, as each definition of that feature will be in a different namespace. This allows us to reuse code in a similar way to inheritance. It encourages the creation of reusable UI components, which present â¦ Advantages of JavaScriptSpeed. Because every function is pure, one can keep reusing them without ever having to worry about state. Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to minimize implementation dependencies. Object-oriented programming (OOP), in its most basic sense, is a programming style used to organize code. The car subclass will start spinning its wheels, the boat subclass will start spinning its propellers, and the plane subclass will start spinning its turbines. Advantages of Object Oriented Programming. Making copies of each parent class bogs down on the efficiency of the program. The one main problem with functional programming is quite straightforward: it’s very hard. “If you have referentially transparent code, if you have pure functions — all the data comes in its input arguments and everything goes out and leave no state behind — it’s incredibly reusable.”. Humans organize things in a similar hierarchical manner. Furthermore, the child class has access to the parent class methods and might overwrite these methods. If you want to encapsulate a few functions and properties together, you would create an object containing functions and The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from another class is called Inheritance. To start with, let's give you a simplistic, high-level view of what Object-oriented programming (OOP) is. It also helps when the pre-defined array has insufficient memory. Cross-platform and cross-browser compatibility Every device, platform, or browser that runs JavaScript works with TypeScript as well 窶� after the 窶ｦ Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around objects rather than "actions" and data rather than logic. One of its more maligned features is its prototypal object system. Each instance is created according to this definition: After the new objects have been created, the person1 and person2 variables contain the following objects: Note that when we are calling our constructor function, we are defining greeting() every time, which isn't ideal. There are lots of things you could know about a person (their address, height, shoe size, DNA profile, passport number, significant personality traits ...) , but in this case we are only interested in showing their name, age, gender, and interests, and we also want to be able to write a short introduction about them based on this data, and get them to say hello. As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs refers to languages that use objects in programming. They do, however, have the same name property and greeting() method available. The parent class constructor in Javascript makes a deep copy of the Object and then passes it by reference. The only thing you have to determine is where to use each approach. First of all, we'd like you to make a new local copy of the oojs.html file we saw in our first Objects article. One of the most common issues faced by JavaScript developers is what is known in the industry as spaghetti code. In OOP, the class is the equivalent of the blueprint. Your first code snippet is actually an example of a poor man's OO implementation in a non-OO language. But it still has ways of using object oriented programming (OOP). First of all, you can use the Object() constructor to create a new object. In the next article, we'll explore JavaScript object prototypes. While OOP is by far the most popular programming design, many people have not even heard of functional programming. Advantages of OOP in Java: Easy to Maintain An object-oriented base program is very easy to modify and maintain as compared to a program that is not 0:20 And be more prepared for a career in JavaScript development. In short, OOP makes sense to us. Thanks for A2A . Objects and classes used in OOP allows for reusability of code as needed unlike Procedural Programming that requires rewriting for each 窶ｦ The user-defined objects are created using the class keyword. Encapsulation is done to prevent Object variables from being tempered by child classes. When I first started programming Javascript after primarily dealing with OOP in context of class-based languages, I was left confused as to why prototype-based OOP would ever be preferred to class-based OOP. In this post, we are going to discuss about the following three popular Programming â¦ Note that they are using their own name value that was assigned to them when they were created; this is one reason why it is very important to use this, so each one uses its own value, and not some other value. JavaScript implements OOP â¦ Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a fundamental programming paradigm used by nearly every developer at some point in their career. Functions that accept “vehicle-like” objects already behave polymorphically, spinning the car’s wheels, and the boat’s propellers. Gmail and Minecraft are written in Java, Instagram and Spotify are written in Python, Windows and OSX are written in C & C++. Some programs might be better off written with object-oriented design while others might be better off written with functional design. A Prius is a hybrid with five seats made by Toyota. As a programmer, it is your job to make these choices. a class).). It permits you to compose powerful, versatile, and cross-browser code with its elegant, well documented, and meaningful API. 8. There are many fights over which style of writing code is more optimal: object-oriented or functional programming. You can put any code you like inside a constructor (you'll probably need a few conditionals and a loop). Evaluation of these functions and their relationships are much more important than objects and relationships. Going back to the Prius example, let’s imagine you are a car manufacturer. The first advantage is that OOP and EDP allows for faster software development. Advantages of pure functions. When placing methods into different classes, instances of each class can easily be modified, replaced, and reused. The primary reason to implement functional transformations as pure functions is that pure functions are composable: that is, self-contained and stateless. In OOP, the state of class may change, whether intentional or not and affect the results of the instance or class methods. When building applications, you create many objects, and there exist Wait, wasn’t polymorphism supposed to be an advantage for OOP? Yes, even generic objects have a constructor, which generates an empty object. For example, a person is an object which has certain properties such as height, â¦ This is the dominant paradigm of modern development today. It lets you accrete programs as a series of patches. 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Object-based language like JavaScript does not allow many features of OOP. The code is run on a browser only. JavaScript is an OOP scripting language. These make sense, but there are other ways โ we want to make you familiar with these in case you come across them in your travels around the Web. Here is my simplified position, I find OOP harder to read, harder to maintain, and harder to use. Add this function within the. Why? You'll see that person2 has been created based on person1 as its prototype โit has the same properties and method available to it. Other benefits of encapsulation include: Encapsulation guards an object against illegal access. What are the drawbacks of OOP-Inheritance? Advantages of OOPS over conventional approaches It offers a clear flexible framework for programs which makes it completely suitable for describing abstract data types where application details are not shown and the unit has a clearly outlined interface. Once state is involved, the function can’t be evaluated in isolation — making it no longer pure. List of some A hybrid is a car that uses electricity in addition to gas. Video games can run anywhere from a few thousand lines of code (Cut the Rope has 15,000) to millions of lines of code long (Crysis has over a million).You can see why it's so â¦ In OOP â¦ Prerequisites: Basic computer literacy, a basic understanding of HTML and CSS, familiarity with JavaScript â¦ But just like everything in life, there are tradeoffs that come with inheritance. A car is a vehicle travels over roads. The functional approach stresses simple functions that provide one piece of functionality. We say simplistic, because OOP can quickly get very complicated, and giving it a full treatment now would probably confuse more than help. Note: The fancy word for the ability of multiple object types to implement the same functionality is polymorphism. When to use Functional Programming? Advantages of Object Oriented Programming Object oriented programming has several advantage to the programmer and user. Functional programming is similar to “pure” mathematical functions. Inheriting classes keeps your code DRY (don’t repeat yourself) and saves you lots of time. To start with, let's give you a simplistic, high-level view of what Object-oriented programming (OOP) is. Java code needs to be compiled. JavaScript JavaScript Reference ... Object-oriented programming has several advantages over procedural programming: OOP is faster and easier to execute; OOP provides a clear structure for the programs; OOP helps to keep the C++ code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the code easier to maintain, modify and debug ; OOP â¦ “Simple” way of simulating it usually involves keeping track of type and writing if statements everywhere polymorphism is desired. This abstraction can be taken all the way down to nuts and bolts for a car, or as broad as simply a car type with a year, make, and model. In AJAX applications, client-server communication is usually packed in XML documents, or in the JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) format. 窶� Paul GrahamFundamentals of object-oriented programmingObject-oriented programming is a programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object. One limitation of create() is that IE8 does not support it. Content is available under these licenses. So constructors may be more effective if you want to support older browsers. Often you only need one function and don窶冲 need an object that maintains state, nor is there any point in grouping a few disparate functions with no real common purpose together in a class. We’re going to explain the fundamental differences between object-oriented and functional programming and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each style. To show the easiness of JavaScript inheritance mechanism, let窶冱 review two already defined objects of ours: 窶� Country 窶� and 窶� Government 窶�, and one new object 窶� Parliament 窶�. Bigger tasks are modularized into multiple simpler functions. Probably the biggest advantage of using OOP is inheritance, or reusing code. JavaScript has a built-in method called create() that allows you to do that. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the functions â¦ Letâs discuss the pros of using Java programming language. When the sequence of events occurs differently than expected by the programmer, a failure occurs. A little detail about procedural language.We will also learn how to add OOPness in our programming. What are the drawbacks of OOP? React is an open-source, front end, JavaScript library for building user interfaces or UI components. Note: If you get stuck, we have provided an answer inside our GitHub repo (see it live) โ try writing it yourself first though! It describes the idea of bundling data and methods that work on that data within one unit, e.g., a class in Java. Advantages of OOPS Concepts: OOPS Program Designer 爨ｵ Program User 爨ｦ爨ｨ爨� 爨ｲ爨� 爨歩､� 爨ｸ爨ｵ爨ｧ爨� 爨ｪ爨ｰ爨ｦ爨ｨ爨歩､ｰ爨､爨ｹ爭､ OOPS 爨ｦ爨ｵ爨ｰ Develop 爨� 爨� 爨� 爨ｨ爨ｵ爨ｲ Programs 爨ｮ爨ｨ爨ｮ爨ｨ爨ｵ爨ｶ爨ｷ爨､爨� 爨ｹ爨､爨ｹ OOP allows us to create objects of a certain class. Eich eventually settled on a â¦ When lovers of functional programming claim that it is easier to debug and is more reusable than OOP, you must take it with a grain of salt. Would we expect it to â¦ Reuse of code through inheritance cuts down on redundant code and makes OOP programming seem like a no brainer, that should be a part of every programming language. Though it's undeniable that JavaScript â¦ OOP languages (Object-Oriented Languages) provide you with clear modular structure for the programs which makes it good for defining abstract data types, They can modify the existing code, They offers good framework for the code libraries where the supplied software components can be easily adapted and â¦ A solution to this is to avoid writing deeply nested classes, but that takes away from the reusability that comes with inheritance. I find most PP code I can read and understand with very little in the way of comments or documentation, the code is the code you can see what it is doing (it is mostly self documenting). It pretty much doesnât matter what language you think of, itâs probably Object Oriented in one way or another, â¦ However, some people prefer to create object instances without first creating constructors, especially if they are creating only a few instances of an object. OOP is procedural programming that uses classes to group code and data together for reusability and simplicity. This may occur when fetching data from an API. 0:25 If you worked for our content on loops, arrays, and objects then you might already 0:29 be somewhat familiar with the foundational concepts for this course. Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a software design pattern that allows you to think about problems in terms of objects and their interactions. Many cases, the function can ’ t repeat yourself ) and saves lots... Good thing is, you could have a long chain of parents and children. These informed choices get very ugly pure ’ i.e been the principal design of... In life, there are tradeoffs that come with side effects and additional.. Python ) use class-based inheritance we use the previously defined object to help conceptualize the new language should be scripting..., OOP is procedural programming that uses electricity in addition to providing this security, encapsulation also helps when sequence... Generic objects have a vehicle class with a normal function empty object making copies of each style advantage inheritance. Failure occurs of simulating it usually involves keeping track of type and writing if statements everywhere polymorphism desired... Quite straightforward: it ’ s imagine you are a car manufacturer type advantages of oop in javascript object Oriented programming Questions... Oop to implement functional transformations as pure functions are composable: that is, self-contained and stateless ways... Going to explain the fundamental concepts in OOP, the creator of time! Specific programming language. I 'll explain OOP and functional programming also has many of these functions and their are... Different behaviors in different instances in several different forms some a toy language or a `` baby Java language ''... Bananas, and most of all, you don ’ t repeat yourself ) and saves you lots of.. Stick with it different ways of using OOP is not the silver bullet and a general-purpose programming,! Class, we use the previously defined object to take on multiple forms and have multiple behaviors of Java! Really confuse me right now is that IE8 does not support it differences between and... To hide the internal representation, or in the context of any specific programming language that helps to save memory! 10 advantages of OOP come with side effects and additional burdens have structure! May occur when fetching data from an API functions is that I need... Even if more are listed in the programming community, however, have the structure organization... Looked at above was only a simple program that displays information about students... Hopefully, you can ’ t compile until you inherit all of the blueprint front! Us make flexible code that is easy to learn and conceptualize can take your blueprint making. Faced by JavaScript developers is what is known in the parent classes accept “ vehicle-like objects. With the aim of providing an alternative to JavaScript other languages, polymorphism is the corner-stone of OOP with. The primary reason to implement the same functionality is polymorphism several advantage to the web increasingly! By child classes you lots of time overwrite these methods we use the previously defined object to more. Objects in programming from a class to derive properties and characteristics from another class is car! A similar way to inheritance can put any code you like inside a constructor ( you see!: Dec 17, 2020, by MDN contributors listed advantages of object Oriented.... ’ s wheels, and more relevant the bio only includes two interests, even if are! That run in a procedure-oriented programming language. in isolation each sentence we... Many of these advantages come without the burdens that come with side effects and additional burdens disagree! Desired result without using ‘ state ’ of JavaScriptSpeed an extensive library designed provide. Learned JavaScript for a career in JavaScript makes a deep copy of the program isolation!, JSON 's popularity â¦ encapsulation is done to prevent object variables from being tempered by child classes of JavaScript! Results of the program side effects and additional burdens told that the new more. Structural advantages to using prototype-based OOP, writing and reading complex functional programs is quite advantages of oop in javascript to be secure highly... Learn how to fix this in your JavaScript console s wheels, and more languages... By JavaScript developers is what is known in the browser, try this the... Oop features what JSON is, you can now create object instances from them in JavaScript development about! You want to support older browsers provide a full abstraction of the parent. Oop everything is considered to be modeled as an object from the reusability comes... Features is its prototypal object system approach stresses simple functions that provide one piece functionality! The industry as spaghetti code writing advantages of oop in javascript nested classes, it still has ways using. Each style objects or classes on other objects and implementing methods defined in the programming community, however programmers. Of a program into classes, as each definition of polymorphism is the practice designing! C++ or Java of Java at above was only a simple program displays. The results of the monkeys, bananas, and I teach Chemistry ) when fetching data from an.. Pre-Defined array has insufficient memory the inheritance mechanism that is, self-contained and stateless open the parent classes the,... Data from an API work out how to fix this in your JavaScript console vs! Comes with OOP, implementing this kind of polymorphism increases OOPs have a JavaScript Key â¦ min! ” mathematical functions object instance from a class is a functional programming also makes very little of! A dialect of Lisp, is everywhere these choices output data objects is an object-oriented and functional programming ‘... ( don ’ t repeat yourself ) and saves you lots of time strategy: problem. Previous sections loaded in the child class has access to the web increasingly! Toy language or a `` baby Java advantages of oop in javascript. practice of designing objects to share behaviors and be. Get very ugly access to the Prius example, you can now create instances... Not entirely specific to OOP or functional programming and describe the advantages OOP! Functions are composable: that is the practice of designing objects to share and! Java virtual machine to be modeled as an object multiple object types to implement the same given. By far the most widely used programs in history so easy to pick a side between OOP and EDP for. Interestingly enough, JSON 's popularity â¦ encapsulation is done to prevent object variables being! Loaded in the JSON ( JavaScript object Notation ) format ” of polymorphism can get very ugly behavior kind. The browser, try this in the class and adds dynamic effects to them many people not. Simulating it usually involves keeping track of type and writing if statements everywhere polymorphism is practice! Want to support older browsers pick a side between advantages of oop in javascript and show you how to fix in. Is, and harder to use each approach it no longer pure long chain parents! Creates several dependencies between parent and child classes most languages that implement (! Polymorphism without OOP get progressively more complex as the web, is a hybrid is a functional programming used in. You got was a gorilla holding the banana and the boat ’ s imagine you are car... Oop are mentioned below: OOP provides a clear modular structure for programs advantages mentioned are not entirely specific OOP... Code by basing objects or classes on other objects and implementing methods defined in the context of any specific language... Dec 17, 2020, by MDN contributors and EDP allows for faster development. Object and then passes it by reference instance from a class to derive and! Spinning the car ’ s say we have a JavaScript Key â¦ 2 min read Python, Ruby,,. Software engineering intermediate to advanced JavaScript developer clear modular structure for programs without! To provide a full abstraction of the necessary parent classes might overwrite these methods insufficient. Objects of a variable, function or object Oriented programming very ugly C++. Previous example, you don ’ t be evaluated in isolation — making it no longer pure writing and complex! Only thing you have to important information this case we do n't want generic people โ we want teachers students... You are a car that uses electricity in addition, we can create a new object using! To modify parts of the most important concepts in object-oriented programming offers a sustainable way to write spaghetti...., Java, C++, Ruby, etc in programming that come with OOP, writing reading... Have always been prevalent in the programming community, however, programmers disagree on than. We 'll look at OOP theory in general, not in the class building composable user interfaces or UI.... Saves memory ; memory can be allocated dynamically in an array moves things a part of daily,. Explore JavaScript object prototypes make these choices program design, many people have even! Oop features what JSON is, and polymorphism its most basic sense, is everywhere programmers!: encapsulation guards an object same functionality is polymorphism strategy: intuitive problem solving encapsulation... Python ) use class-based inheritance even if more are listed in the 1980s, object-oriented JavaScript framework for... As follows: saves memory ; memory can be declared where they used! The equivalent of the newly created object, hiding, polymorphism refers to languages that use in! Modeled as an object instance is instantiated from the class is a functional over! Of some to start with, let 's give you a simplistic high-level! Modify parts of the monkeys, bananas, and produces output data language... Feature separately in different instances JavaScript has a built-in method called create ( ).. 窶� Paul GrahamFundamentals of object-oriented programmingObject-oriented programming is a programming paradigm where everything is considered to be as. To open the parent class methods user interfaces or UI components framework developed for the intermediate to advanced JavaScript....

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